Description: The earth’s ecosystem appears to be leaving the 10,000-year Holocene epoch that featured a stable environment. For homo sapiens, this stability encouraged a move from hunter/gatherer to farming and urban lifestyles. The new period showcases climate risk, resulting in higher temperatures and more extreme weather. These conditions lead to greater exposures to properties and economies when events like hurricanes and wildfires occur.

Description: Climate change affects everyone. Proactive responses that look forward to anticipate future conditions will optimize infrastructure investments rather than dealing with the crisis as extreme events arrive. Cities can address local concerns utilizing a process that is repeatable in other jurisdictions.

Description: The purpose of the paper is to facilitate understanding of the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and its ramifications on actuarial work.